"Cities, like cats, will reveal themselves at night."
- Rupert Brooke
Since the 1970s, the U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) has operated satellite sensors capable of detecting the visible and near-infrared (VNIR)
emissions from cities and towns. The DMSP Operational Linescan System (OLS) acquires global daytime and nighttime imagery of the Earth in two spectral bands (VIS and TIR). The
nighttime "VIS" bandpass straddles the VNIR portion of the spectrum (0.5 to 0.9 um). The VIS band signal is intensified at night using a photomultiplier tube (PMT), making it possible to detect faint VNIR emission sources. The PMT system was implemented for the detection of clouds at night. An unanticipated consequence of the nighttime light intensification is the detection of city lights, gas flares, and fires.
Since 1997, EOG had been pioneering in combining the imagery taken by DMSP-OLS to produce global Nighttime Light maps. With annual data stretch from 1992 to 2013, making DMSP Nighttime Light the longest data series available for nocturnal remote sensing on human activities.
The files are cloud-free composites made using all the available archived DMSP-OLS smooth resolution data for calendar years. In cases where two satellites were collecting data - two composites were produced. The products are 30 arc second grids, spanning -180 to 180 degrees longitude and -65 to 75 degrees latitude. A number of constraints are used to select the highest quality data for entry into the composites:
Each composite set is named with the satellite and the year (F121995 is from DMSP satellite number F12 for the year 1995). Three image types are available as GeoTIFFs for download from the version 4 composites:
F1?YYYY_v4b_cf_cvg.tif
Cloud-free coverages tally the total number of observations that went into each 30 arc second grid cell. This image can be used to identify areas with low numbers of observations where the quality is reduced. In some years there are areas with zero cloud- free observations in certain locations.
F1?YYYY_v4b_avg_vis.tif
Raw avg_vis contains the average of the visible band digital number values with no further filtering. Data values range from 0-63. Areas with zero cloud-free observations are represented by the value 255.
F1?YYYY_v4b_stable_lights.avg_vis.tif
The cleaned up avg_vis contains the lights from cities, towns, and other sites with persistent lighting, including gas flares. Ephemeral events, such as fires have been discarded. Then the background noise was identified and replaced with values of zero. Data values range from 1-63. Areas with zero cloud-free observations are represented by the value 255.
Reference
Delivery File Type | tgz (gzipped tar ball) |
Delivery File Extension | avg_vis (Averaged DN) stable_lights.avg_vis (Stable lights averaged DN) cf_cvg (cloud free coverage count) cvg (coverage count) |
Image File Type | GeoTIFF |
Image CRS | EPSG:4326 (Geographic Latitude/Longitude) |
Image Resolution | 30 arc second (~1km at the Equator) |
Coverage | 180W, 75N, 65S, 180E |
Due to the lack of on-board calibration mechanism, DMSP Nighttime Light product does not report values as radiance, but in digital number (DN). To perform sensible comparison between images of different years, users are encouraged to perform intercalibration before carry out time series analysis.
The coefficient table for intercalibration can be downloaded here.
The nighttime lights product known as avg_lights_x_pct is derived from the average visible band digital number (DN) of cloud-free light detections multiplied by the percent frequency of light detection. The inclusion of the percent frequency of detection term normalizes the resulting digital values for variations in the persistence of lighting. For instance, the value for a light only detected half the time is discounted by 50%. Note that this product contains detections from fires and a variable amount of background noise. This is the product used to infer gas flaring volumes from the nighttime lights.
Reference
Delivery File Tyle | tgz (gzipped tar ball) |
Delivery File Extension | avg_lights_x_pct pct_lights |
Image File Type | GeoTIFF |
Image CRS | EPSG:4326 (Geographic Latitude/Longitude) |
Image Resolution | 30 arc second (~1km at the Equator) |
Coverage | 180W, 75N, 65S, 180E |
The Operational Linescan System (OLS) flown on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, has a unique capability to record low light imaging data at night worldwide. These data are archived at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC). The useful data record stretches back to 1992 and is ongoing. The OLS visible band detector observes radiances about one million times dimmer than most other Earth observing satellites. The sensor is typically operated in a high gain setting to enable the detection of moonlit clouds. However, with six bit quantization and limited dynamic range, the recorded data are saturated in the bright cores of urban centers. A limited set of observations have been obtained at low lunar illumination were obtained where the gain of the detector was set significantly lower than its typical operational setting (sometimes by a factor of 100). By combining these sparse data acquired at low gain settings with the operational data acquired at high gain settings, we have produced a set of global nighttime lights product with no sensor saturation. This product can be related to radiances based on the pre-flights sensor calibration.
Need more info? See Readme.
Reference
Delivery File Tyle | tgz (gzipped tar ball) |
Delivery File Extension | avg_vis (averaged DN value) cf_cvg (cloud free coverage count) cvg (coverage count) |
Image File Type | GeoTIFF and ENVI |
Image CRS | EPSG:4326 (Geographic Latitude/Longitude) |
Image Resolution | 30 arc second (~1km at the Equator) |
Coverage | 180W, 75N, 65S, 180E |
The original global nighttime lights time series from DMSP was produced using OLS data from six individual satellites (Figure 1). Over time, the orbits of each satellite gradually shifts to an earlier overpass time, sliding from a day / night orbit to a dawn / dusk orbit. The DMSP sensors collected sufficient nighttime data worldwide for annual nighttime lights product generation as long as the overpass occurred later than 19:30. Recently, NOAA added additional years to the DMSP equatorial crossing time chart and discovered that the F-15 orbit had continued to shift and had started to collect pre-dawn nighttime data in 2012 and that this continued through 2018. Satellite F16 may have also collected usable nighttime data in the pre-dawn hours.
Based on this new information, EOG is planning to extend the DMSP nighttime lights time series out to 2018 using pre-dawn data.
You can download the data from here. Global files are divided into 6 tiles as for faster download.
Year | F10 | F12 | F14 | F15 | F16 | F18 |
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1992 | F101992 | |||||
1993 | F101993 |
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1994 | F101994 |
F121994 |
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1995 | F121995 | |||||
1996 | F121996 |
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1997 | F121997 |
F141997 | ||||
1998 | F121998 |
F141998 | ||||
1999 | F121999 |
F141999 |
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2000 | F142000 |
F152000 |
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2001 | F142001 |
F152001 |
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2002 | F142002 |
F152002 |
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2003 | F142003 |
F152003 |
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2004 | F152004 |
F162004 |
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2005 | F152005 |
F162005 |
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2006 | F152006 |
F162006 |
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2007 | F152007 |
F162007 |
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2008 | F162008 |
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2009 | F162009 |
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2010 | F182010 | |||||
2011 | F182011 |
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2012 | F182012 |
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2013 | F182013 |
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Year | F10 | F12 | F14 | F15 | F16 | F18 |
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1992 | F101992 |
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1993 | F101993 |
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1994 | F101994 |
F121994 |
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1995 | F121995 |
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1996 | F121996 |
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1997 | F121997 |
F141997 |
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1998 | F121998 |
F141998 |
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1999 | F121999 |
F141999 |
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2000 | F142000 |
F152000 |
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2001 | F142001 |
F152001 |
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2002 | F142002 |
F152002 |
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2003 | F142003 |
F152003 |
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2004 | F152004 |
F162004 |
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2005 | F152005 |
F162005 |
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2006 | F152006 |
F162006 |
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2007 | F152007 |
F162007 |
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2008 | F162008 |
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2009 | F162009 |
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2010 | F182010 |
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2011 | F182011 |
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2012 | F182012 |
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2013 | F182013 |
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F16_20100111-20110731_rad_v4 |
GeoTIFF | ENVI |
F16_20100111-20101209_rad_v4 |
GeoTIFF | ENVI |
F16_20051128-20061224_rad_v4 |
GeoTIFF | ENVI |
F14_20040118-20041216_rad_v4 |
GeoTIFF | ENVI |
F14-F15_20021230-20031127_rad_v4 |
GeoTIFF | ENVI |
F12-F15_20000103-20001229_rad_v4 |
GeoTIFF | ENVI |
F12_19990119-19991211_rad_v4 |
GeoTIFF | ENVI |
F12_19960316-19970212_rad_v4 |
GeoTIFF | ENVI |
Windows:
Use 7-zip to unpack .tgz file, will result in a .tar file. Use 7-zip to further unpack the .tar file again to access the actual GeoTIFF files.
Mac OS/Linux:
Double click on the .tgz file to unpack. Or use the command tar xzvf <file.tgz>
in command line interface (CLI) to un-compress and extract the GeoTIFF files.
Whenever using or distributing DMSP data or derived images, use the following credit:
Image and data processing by Earth Observation Group, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines. DMSP data collected by US Air Force Weather Agency.